نقش متغیرهای شکل شهر و ادراک والدین در ترجیح آنها به استفاده کودکان از شیوه‌های حمل‌و‌نقل فعال به مدرسه

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران

3 مدرس و محقق، دانشگاه صنعتی برلین، برلین، آلمان

چکیده

حمل­و­نقل فعال (پیاده­روی و دوچرخه­سواری) به مدرسه فرصتی است تا کودکان حداقل فعالیت بدنی برای جلوگیری از بیماری­های غیرواگیر را کسب کنند. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، بررسی رابطه میان ترجیح والدین به حمل­و­نقل فعال کودکان به مدرسه و متغیرهای شکل شهر، نگرانی، ادراک والدین و نگرش آنها نسبت به پیاده­روی و همچنین متغیرهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی است. منظور از ترجیح، تمایل والدین به استفاده کودک از هر کدام از انواع روشهای فعال سفر به مدرسه است. ضمن آن­که نگرانی در مورد هر شیوه سفر به مدرسه، زنجیره­ای از افکار و تصورات منفی در مورد نتایج استفاده از آن شیوه است. 580 پرسشنامه بین کودکان 7 تا 12 ساله در 5 مدرسه ابتدایی در مناطق 2 و 15 تهران توزیع شد. مطابق نتایج مدل­سازی معادلات ساختاری در سطح معنی­داری 5 درصد، از میان عوامل زمینه­ای، سن کودک () و تعداد فرزندان ()  با نگرانی والدین نسبت به حمل­و­نقل فعال کودکان به مدرسه ارتباط منفی داشتتند. از میان متغیرهای شکل شهر. تراکم جمعیتی () و پیوستگی () رابطه مثبت با نگرانی نسبت به سفر فعال کودکان به مدرسه و اختلاط کاربری رابطه مثبت با ترجیح والدین نسبت به سفر فعال کودکان به مدرسه داشت (). افزایش اختلاط کاربری­ها در برنامه­ریزی­ها، مشوق والدین در افزایش ترجیح آن­ها نسبت به حمل­و­نقل فعال به مدرسه و همراهی آنها با کودکان است. همبستگی منفی بین ترجیح والدین نسبت به حمل­و­نقل فعال و فاصله خانه تا مدرسه نشان­دهنده تقابل سیاست احداث مدارس در حومه مراکز جمعیتی دارای زمین ارزان با سیاست­های توسعه حمل و نقل پایدار است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The role of urban form and parental cognition on their preferences to children’s active transportation on school trips

نویسندگان [English]

  • Behnam Mohammadi 1
  • Mohsen Fallah Zavareh 2
  • Houshmand Masoumi 3
1 Master student in highway engineering, Kharazmi University, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant professor, Kharazmi University, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tehran, Iran.
3 Senior Researcher, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
چکیده [English]

Prevention of non-communicable diseases is dependent on control of risk factors such as low activity. Active transport to school offers opportunities to have minimum physical activity to prevent non-communicable diseases. This study aims to investigate the relationship between parental preferences for their children to use active transport in school trips, in relation to urban form and parental cognition, as well as socioeconomic variables. 580 questionnaires were distributed among children aged 7 to 12 in Tehran. Each questionnaire was completed by parents and children. Structural equation modeling showed that at 5% significance level, child’s age (β = -0.135) and number of children in household (β = -0.088) had a negative correlation with parental worry regarding children’s active transport. Parental worry was shown to be higher for girls than boys (β = -0.160). Household income was negatively associated with parental preferences to use active transport (β = -0.086). Among variables of the urban form, distance between home and school was positively related with parental worry (β = 0.148) and negatively related with parental preferences (β = -0.127). Results indicated that parental worry was positively correlated with population density (β = 0.128) and streets connectivity (β = 0.216). Land use mix was also positively correlated with parental preferences (β = 0.090). Parental worry was shown to be negatively associated with parental preferences for children to use active modes to school (β = -0.204). The results have been scrutinized and the implications for enhancing active transport have been discussed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • "Parental preferences"
  • "Active transportation"
  • "Urban form"
  • "Parent's attitude"
- خلیل نژاد، س. ط. (1395) "کشف اصول طراحی محیط با بررسی تئوری قابلیت محیط"، کنفرانس بین المللی معماری، شهرسازی، هنر، عمران و محیط زیست: افق­های آینده، نگاه به گذشته.
مهدیزاده، م.، ممدوحی، الف.ر. و فلاح زواره، م. (1393) " یک مدل تصمیم والدین برای شیوه سفر تحصیلی کودکان دبستانی"، فصلنامه مهندسی حمل و نقل، سال هفتم، شماره اول، ص. 167-178.
-Abdi, H. and Williams, L. J. (2010) “Principal component analysis”, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 433–59. doi:10.1002/wics.101.
-Alavi, M. (2013) “Structural equation modeling (SEM) in health sciences education researches: an overview of the method and its application”, Iranian Journal of Medical Education Vol. 13 No. 6, pp.519–30.
-Baslington, H. (2009) “Children’s perceptions of and attitudes towards transport modes: Why a vehicle for change is long overdue”, Children’s Geographies, Vol.7, No. 3, pp. 305–22. doi:10.1080/14733280903024472.
-Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, Elwood,  Pruzinsky, Thomas and DePree, James A. )1983( “Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes”, Behaviour Research and Therapy, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3.
-Broberg, A., Kyttä, M. and Fagerholm, N. (2013) “Child-friendly urban structures: Bullerby revisited”,  Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 35 (Supplement C): pp.110–20. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.06.001.
-Carver, A., Timperio, A. and Crawford, D. (2013) “Parental chauffeurs: what drives their transport choice?”,  Journal of Transport Geography 26 (Supplement C): pp.72–77. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.08.017.
-Carver, A., Timperio, A. F and Crawford, D. A. (2012). “Young and Free? A Study of Independent Mobility among Urban and Rural Dwelling Australian Children.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (6): 505–10. doi:10.1016/j.jsams .2012. 03.005.
-Christiansen, L. B., Toftager, M., Schipperijn, J., Ersbøll, A. K., Giles-Corti, B. and Troelsen, J. (2014) “School site walkability and active school transport – association, mediation and moderation”, Journal of Transport Geography,  Vol. 34 (Supplement C): pp.7–15. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.10.012.
-Deka, D. (2013) “An explanation of the relationship between adults’ work trip mode and children’s school trip mode through the Heckman approach”, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 31 (Supplement C): pp.54–63. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2013.05.005.
-Deweese, R. S., Yedidia, M. J., Tulloch, D. L. and Ohri-Vachaspati, P. (2013) “Neighborhood perceptions and active school commuting in low-income cities”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 393–400. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.04.023.
-Dion, P. A. (2008) “Interpreting structural equation modeling results: a reply to Martin and Cullen”, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 365–68. doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9634-7.
-Elias, W. (2015) “Children’s independent mobility in Israel: Case Study of the Arab Population Group.” In Sustainable Urban Transport, 7:65–91. Transport and Sustainability 7. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/S2044-9941201500000 07
-Ermagun, A. and Samimi, A. (2015). “Promoting Active Transportation Modes in School Trips.” Transport Policy 37 (Supplement C): 203–11. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol. 2014.10
-Flegal, K.M., Carroll, M.D., Ogden, C.L. and Curtin, L.R. (2010). “Prevalence and Trends in Obesity among US Adults, 1999-2008.” JAMA 303 (3): 235–41. doi:10.1001/jama. 2009.2014.
-Frank, L., Kerr, J., Chapman, J. and Sallis, J. (2007). “Urban Form Relationships with Walk Trip Frequency and Distance among Youth.” American Journal of Health Promotion 21 (4 suppl): 305–11. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-21.4s.305.
-Fyhri, A. and Hjorthol, R. (2009). “Children’s Independent Mobility to School, Friends and Leisure Activities.” Journal of Transport Geography 17 (5): 377–84. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2008.10.010.
-Hadavi, S., Kaplan, R. and Hunter, M.C. (2015). “Environmental Afford -ances: A Practical Approach for Design of Nearby Outdoor Settings in Urban Residential Areas.” Landscape and Urban Planning 134 (Supplement C): 19–32. doi:10.1016/j.landurb plan.20 14.10.001.
-Hatamzadeh, Y., Habibian, M. and Khodaii, A. (2017a). “Effective factors in walking mode choice of different age groups for school trips”, Transportation Research Procedia, World Conference on Transport Research - WCTR 2016 Shanghai. 10-15 July 2016, 25 (January): 2297–2308. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.441.
-Helbich, M., van Emmichoven, M. J. Z., Dijst, M. J., Kwan, M. P., Pierik, F. H. and de Vries, S. I. (2016) “Natural and Built environmental exposures on children’s active school travel: A Dutch Global Positioning System-Based Cross-Sectional Study”, Health & Place 39 (May): pp.101–9. DOI:10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.03.003.
-Jonietz, D. and Timpf, S. (2012) “Towards an affordance-based model of walkability”, In ResearchGate. https ://www.researchgate.net/publication/266023853_Towards_an_Affordance-Based_Model_of_Walkability.
-Jolliffe, I. (2002) "Principal component anal -ysis. 2nd, ed. NY : Springer Series in Statistics.
-Kemperman, A. and Timmermans, H. (2014) “Environmental correlates of active travel behavior of children”, Environment and Behavior Vol. 46, No. 5, pp.583–608. doi:10.1177/ 001391 6512466662.
-Kyttä, M. (2004) “The extent of children’s independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments", Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp.179-198. doi. org/ 10.1016/ S0272 -4944(03)00073-2.
 
-Larouche, R., Oyeyemi, A.L., Prista, A., Onywera, V., Akinroye, K.K. and Tremblay, M.S. (2014). “A Systematic Review of Active Transportation Research in Africa and the Psychometric Properties of Measurement Tools for Children and Youth.” The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 11 (October): 129. doi:10.1186 /s12966-014-0129-5.
-Larsen, K., Gilliland, J., Hess, P., Tucker, P., Irwin, J. and He, M. (2009). “The Influence of the Physical Environment and Sociodemographic Characteristics on Children’s Mode of Travel to and From School.” American Journal of Public Health 99 (3): 520–26. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135319.
-Lopez, M. C. R., and Wong, Y.D. (2017). “Children’s Active Trips to School: A Review and Analysis.” International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 9 (1): 79–95. doi:10.1080/19463138.2016.1264405.
- Lupton, K. and Bayley, M. (2002) "Children — how they interact with the street environment', Traffic Engineering & Control, Vol. 43, No 6, pp. 224-8
-Mackett, R., Brown, B., Gong, Y., Kitazawa, K. and Paskins, J. (2007). “Children’s Independent Movement in the Local Environment.” Built Environment 33 (December): 454–68. doi:10.2148/benv.33.4.454.
-Mandic, S., de la Barra, S. L., Bengoechea, E.G., Stevens, E., Flaherty, C., Moore, A., Middlemiss, M., Williams, J. and Skidmore, P. (2015). “Personal, Social and Environmental Correlates of Active Transport to School among Adolescents in Otago, New Zealand.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 18 (4): 432–37. doi:10.1016 /j.jsams.2014.06.012.
-Maruyama, G. M. (1997) "Basics of structural equation modeling", SAGE Publications Inc. n.d. Accessed October 29, 2017. https://us.sagepub. com/en-us/na m/basics-of-structural-equation-model i ng /book6718.
-McCormack, G. R. and  Shiell, A. (2011) “In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults”, The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 8 (November): 125. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-125.
-McDonald, N. C. (2007) “Travel and the Social Environment: Evidence from Alameda County, California.” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 12 (1): 53–63. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2006.11.002.
-McDonald, N.C. (2008). “Household interactions and children’s school travel: the effect of parental work patterns on walking and biking to school”, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 324–31. doi:10.10 16/j.jtrangeo.2008.01.002.
-McDonald, N. C., Brown, A. L., Marchetti, L.M. and Pedroso, M. S. (2011) “U.S. School Travel, 2009.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp.146–51. doi:10.10 16/j.amepre.2011.04.006.
-McMillan, T. E. (2007) “The relative influence of urban form on a child’s travel mode to school”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp.69–79. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2006.05.011.
-Mehdizadeh, M., Mamdoohi, A. R. and Nordfjaern, T. (2017) “Walking time to school, children’s active school travel and their related factors”, Journal of Transport & Health Vol. 6 (Supplement C): pp.313–26. doi:10.1016 /j.jth.2017.01.012.
-Mehdizadeh, M., Nordfjaern, T. and Mamdoohi, A. R. (2016a) “The role of socio-economic, built environment and psychological factors in parental mode choice for their children in an Iranian setting”, Transportation, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp.523-543.  doi:10.1007/s11116-01 6-9737-z.
-Mitra, R. and Buliung, R. N. (2015) “Exploring differences in school travel mode choice behaviour between children and youth”, Transport Policy,  Vol. 42 (Supplement C):pp. 4–11. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2015 .04.0 05.
-Mitra, R., Buliung, R. N. and Roorda, M. (2010) “Built environment and school travel mode choice in Toronto, Canada”, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2156 (October):Papwe No. 10-1443, pp.150–59. doi:10.3141/2156-17.
-Nemati, A., Naghizadeh Baghi, A. and Dehghan, M. H. (2008) “Anthropometrics factors of girls of Ardabil aged 7-19 years and comparison of them with NCHS standard”, Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 202–208.
-Nolan, R., Park, H., Von Hagen, L. A. and Chatman, D. (2014) “A mode choice analysis of school trips in New Jersey”, The Journal of Transport and Land Use, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 111–133.
-Oliver, M., Badland, H., Mavoa, S., Witten, K., Kearns, R., Ellaway, A., Hinckson, E., Mackay, L. and Schluter, P. J. (2014) “Environmental and socio-demographic associates of children’s active transport to school: A cross-sectional investigation from the urban study”, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,  Vol. 11, No. 70, pp.70  doi:10.1186/ 1479-5868-
-Pacilli, M. G., Giovannelli, I. and Spaccatini, F. (2017) “Children’s independent mobility: Antecedents and consequences at macro- and microlevels”, Movement, Mobilities, and Journeys, edited by Caitriona Ni Laoire, Allen White,and Tracey Skelton, pp.307–27. Geographies of Children and Young People 6. Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-287-029-2_6.
-Papadimitriou, E., Theofilatos, A. and Yannis, G. (2013) “Patterns of pedestrian attitudes, perceptions and behaviour in Europe”, Safety Science, Vol. 53 (Supplement C): pp.114–22. doi:10.10 16/j.ssci .2012. 09.0
-Park, H., Noland, R. B. and Lachapelle, U. (2013) “Active school trips: Associations with caregiver walking frequency”, Transport Policy, No.  29 (Supplement C): pp.23–28. doi:10.1016/j. tranpol.2013.04.001.
-Potoglou, D. and Arslangulova, B. (2017) “Factors influencing active travel to primary and secondary schools in Wales”, Transportation Planning and Technology, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 80–99. doi:10.1080 /03081060.2016.1238 573.
-Rahmani, A., Sayehmiri, K., Asadollahi, K., Sarokhani, D., Islami, I. and Sarokhani, M. (2015) “Investigation of the prevalence of obesity in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis study”, Acta Medica Iranica, Vol. 53 No. 10, pp. 596–607.
Sheikholeslam, R., Mohamad, A., Mohammad, K. and Vaseghi, S. (2004) "Non-communicable disease risk factors in Iran",  Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, No. 13 (Suppl.), S100. 
-Rodríguez-López, C., Villa-González, E., Pérez-López, I. J., Delgado-Fernández, M., Ruiz, J. R. and Chillón, P. (2013) “Family factors influence active commuting to school in Spanish children”, Nutricion Hospitalaria, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 756–63. doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.3 .6399.
-Rudner, J. (2011) “Conceptions of risk and children’s independent mobility”, http://minerva-access.unim  elb.edu.au/handle/11343/36440.
-Sá, T.H.d., Totaro Garcia, L. M., Mielke, G. I., Rabacow, F. M. and de Rezende, L. F. M. (2015) “Changes in travel to school patterns among children and adolescents in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil, 1997–2007”, Journal of Transport and Health, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 143–50. doi:10.1016/j.jth .2015 .02.008.
-Samimi, A. and Ermagun, A. (2012) “Active transportation mode choice behavior across genders in school trips”,TRB Commiettee ADD50 (1), Health and Transport  https://trid.trb.org/view.asp x?id=1128657.
-Schlossberg, M., Greene, J., Phillips, P. P., Johnson, B. and Parker, B. (2006) “School trips: Effects of urban form and distance on travel mode”, Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp.337–46. doi:10.1080/019443 60608976755.
-Sirard, J. R., Ainsworth, B. E., McIver, K. L. and Pate, R. R. (2005) “Prevalence of active commuting at urban and suburban elementary schools in Columbia, SC”, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 95, No. 2, pp. 236–37. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2003.034355.
-Timperio, A., Ball, K., Salmon, J., Roberts, R., Giles-Corti, B., Simmons, D., Baur, L. A. and Crawford, D. (2006a) “Personal, family, social, and environmental correlates of active commuting to school”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 45–51. doi:10.1016/j.amepre. 2005 .08. 047.
-Transport for London (2011)  "Attitudes towards walking. ⟨http://content .tfl. gov.uk/attitudes-to-walking-2011-repo rt⟩. pdf. (2011). Accessed 06106 April.
 
-Tremblay, A. and Doucet, E. (2000) “Obesity: A disease or a biological adaptation?”,  Obesity Reviews: An Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 27–35.
-Ulleberg, P. and Rundmo, T. (2003) “Personality, attitudes and risk perception as predictors of risky driving behaviour among young drivers”, Safety Science , Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 427–43. doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(01)000 77-7.
-Waygood, E. O. D. and Susilo, Y. O. (2015) “Walking to school in Scotland: Do perceptions of neighbourhood quality matter?”, IATSS Research, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp.125–29. doi:10.1016/j.iatssr.2014.12.002.
- “WHO | World Health Statistics (2017) “Monitoring health for the SDGs”, WHO. Accessed October 23. http://www.who.int/gho/publicatio ns/world_health_statistics/2017/en/.
-Yang, Y., Abbott, S. and Schlossberg, M. (2012) “The influence of school choice policy on active school commuting: A case study of a middle-sized school district in Oregon”, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 44, No. 8,  pp.1856–1874. doi:10.1068/a44549.
-Yang, Y., Ivey, S. S., Levy, M. C., Royne, M. B. and Klesges, L. M. (2016) “Active travel to school: Findings from the survey of US health behavior in school-aged children, 2009-2010”, Journal of School Health, Vol. 86, No. 6, pp. 464–71. doi:10.1111/josh. 12395.
-Yu, C.Y. and Zhu, X. (2016) “From attitude to action: What shapes attitude toward walking to/from school and how does it influence actual behaviors?”, Preventive Medicine, No. 90 (September): pp. 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.06.036.
-Zumbo, B., Gadermann, A. and Zeisser, C. (2007) “Ordinal versions of coefficients alpha and theta for Likert rating scales”, Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods Vol. 6 (1). doi:10.22237/jmasm/1177992180.
-Zuniga, K. D. (2012) “From barrier elimination to barrier negotiation: A qualitative study of parents’ attitudes about active travel for elementary school trips”, Transport Policy, Urban Transport Initiatives, Vol. 20, (Supplement C): pp.75–81. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol. 2011.12. 003.