Removal of Heavy Metals from Surface Runoff Using Permeable Pavement Aggregate Layers

Document Type : Scientific - Research

Authors

Tarbiat Modares University

Abstract

Urban runoff are usually contains significant amounts of pollutants such as heavy metals and solid particles. High tendency to remain in the nature and accumulation in the food chain is the most important characteristics of heavy metals. There are many alternative management strategies available to treat these contaminants. Permeable pavement is one of the urban runoff management methods that in addition to reduce the risk of urban flooding will help to improve the runoff quality. The aim of this research was to investigate heavy metals and also suspended solids removal from runoff using slag, limestone and silica aggregates as filter and base layers of permeable pavement. All experiments were performed in cylindrical reactors with 0.6m height and 0.2m diameter. Each column was filed with a media depth of 0.5m (0.1 m for filter layer and 0.4 m for base layer). In order to determine the lifespan of the media synthetic runoff in successive cycles was continuously injected through the column. The results of this study showed that the base and the filter layers of the permeable pavement can reduce effectively the total range of runoff pollutants with high removal percentage. From three types of aggregates used as permeable pavement layers, slag material had better performance than the others. In this study the maximum removal of copper, zinc and suspended solids from runoff within 24 hours, were 61, 89 and 82 percent respectively, which increase to 72, 95 and 99 percent after 120 hours. The total capacity of slag aggregates for the removal of Cu, Zn and TSS were also estimated to be 28, 95 and 15485 mg/kg respectively. Based on the results, along with the slag, limestone showed a higher ability to remove pollutants from runoff as compared to silica.

Keywords

Main Subjects


- APHA, AWWA, WEF (2005) “Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater”, 21st ed. Amer. Public Health Assoc., Washington, DC.
- ASCE and WEF (1998) “Urban runoff quality management”, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) “Manuals and Report of engineering practice No. 87, Reston, Va and Water Environment Federation (WEF), Manual of Practice No. 23, Alexandria, USA.
- Aulenbach, D. B. and Chan, Y. (1988) “Heavy metals removal in a rapid infiltration sand column”, Particulate Science and Technology, No. 6, pp. 467-481.
- Bhattacharya, A. K., Mandal, S .N. and Das, S.K. (2006) “Adsorption of Zn (II) from aqueous solution by using different adsorbents”, Chem. Eng. J. Vol. 123, pp.43–51.
- Bose, P., Bose, M. A. and Kumar, S. (2002) “Critical evaluation of treatment strategies involving adsorption and chelation for wastewater containing copper, zinc, and cyanide”, Adv. Environ. Res. Vol. 7, pp.179–195.
- Brattebo, B. O. and Booth, D. B. (2003) “Long-term storm water quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems”, Water Research, vol. 37, pp. 4369-4376.
- Pratt, C. J., Mantle, J. D .G., and Schofield, P. A. (1989) “Urban storm water reduction and quality improvement through the use of permeable pavements”, Water Science and Technology, Vol. 21, pp.769-778.
- Roseen, R. M., Ballestero, T. P., Houle, J. J., Joshua F. B. and Houle, K. M., (2012) “Water quality and hydrologic performance of a porous asphalt pavement as a storm water treatment strategy in a cold climate”, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 138, No. 1, pp. 81-89.
- Scholz, M. (2006) “Wetland systems to control urban runoff”, Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 25, pp. 2542-2549.
- Scholz, M. and Grabowiecki, P. (2007) “Review of permeable pavement systems”, Building and Environment, Vol. 42, pp. 3830-3836.
- Shammas, N. K. (2004) “Coagulation and flocculation in Physicochemical treatment processes”, edited by L.K. Wang, Y. T. Hung and N. K. Shammas, Humana Press, New Jersey, pp. 103–140.
- WHO. (1984) “World Health Organisation report, Guidelines for drinking water quality”, Geneva, WHO.
- Yang, X. J., Fane, A. G. and MacNaughton, S. (2001) “Removal and recovery of heavy metals from wastewater by supported liquid membranes”, Water Science and Technology Vol. 43, pp. 341–348.
- Yong, C. F., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T.D. and Grace, M. R. (2008) “The clogging behavior and treatment efficiency of a range of porous pavements”, In: 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
- Collins, K. A., Hunt, W. F. and Hathaway, J. M. (2008) “Hydrologic comparison of four types of permeable pavement and standard asphalt in Eastern North Carolina”, Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 13, pp. 1146-1157.
- Eckenfelder, W.W. (2000) “Industrial water pollution control”, New York, McGraw-Hill, pp. 451-457.
- Fach, S. and Geiger, W. F. (2005) “Effective pollutant retention capacity of permeable pavements for infiltrated road runoffs determined by laboratory tests”, Water Science and Technology, Vol. 51, pp. 37-45.
- Hmetsar A. (2008) “Biosorption of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution by red algae (Ceramiumvirgatum): Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 157, pp. 448–54.
- James, W. and Shahin, R. (1998) “Pollutants leached from pavements by acid rain”, Advances in Modeling the Management of Storm water Impacts, vol.6, pp. 321-349.
- Jokela, P. and Keskitalo, P. (1999) “Plywood mill water system closure by dissolved air flotation treatment”, Water Science and Technology, Vol. 40, Issue 11/12, pp. 33-41.
- Jüttner, K., Galla, U. and Schmieder, H. (2000) “Electrochemical approaches to environmental problems in the process industry”, Electrochimica Acta. Vol. 45, pp. 2575–2594.
- Kadurupokune, N. and Jayasuriya, N. (2009) “Pollutant load removal efficiency of pervious pavements: is clogging an issue”, Water Science and Technology, Vol. 60, pp. 1787-1794.
- Metcalf and Eddy Co. (2003) “Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse”, McGraw Hill International Edition, New York. pp. 478-483.
- Pratt, C. J., Mantle, J. D .G. and Schofield, P. A. (1995) “UK research into the performance of permeable pavement, reservoir structures in controlling storm water discharge quantity and quality”, Water Science and Technology, Vol. 32, pp. 63-69.