مدل‌سازی و تحلیل تأثیر نگرش‌ و پذیرش سیاست بر سهم استفاده از وسایل نقلیه و فراوانی سفرهای شهری (مطالعه‎‌ی موردی: سیاست قیمت‌گذاری در محدوده‌ی مرکزی شهر اصفهان)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 کارشناس ارشد مهندسی عمران گرایش برنامه‌ریزی حمل‌ونقل، دانشکده‌ی مهندسی حمل‌ونقل، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
2 استادیار، دانشکده‌ی مهندسی حمل‌ونقل، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران
چکیده
با توجه به افزایش استفاده از خودروی شخصی نسبت به گذشته در شهرهای بزرگ، تراکم ترافیک و تبعات اجتماعی و محیط زیستی ناشی از آن بیش از بیش توجه دست‌اندرکاران در برنامه‌ریزی حمل‌ونقل را به خود جلب کرده است. به همین منظور، برنامه‌ریزان سیاست‌های گوناگونی را به منظور مدیریت تقاضای سفر تدارک دیده‌اند. قیمت‌گذاری محدوده یکی از این اقدامات با هدف کنترل تقاضای سفر به شمار رفته که در شهرهای مختلف برنامه‌ریزی و اجرا می‌شود. همان‌گونه که نظریه‌ی رفتار برنامه‌ریزی شده توضیح می‌دهد، رفتار سفر، تحت تأثیر نگرش‌ها قرار داشته و از طرف دیگر، نگرش‌های مرتبط با یک سیاست (مانند: اثرگذاری، انصاف و نقض آزادی درک شده) بر پذیرش سیاست اثرگذار است. در این چارچوب، میزان توفیق یک سیاست در عمل، به مقبولیت آن در میان کاربران بستگی داشته و به همین جهت، هدف از این تحقیق، تحلیل عوامل أثرگذار بر رفتار سفر در چارچوب پذیرش سیاست قیمت‌گذاری بوده و در این راستا، از دو مدل ساختاری استفاده می‌شود. در  یک مدل، سهم استفاده و فراوانی سفر با خودروی شخصی و در مدل دیگر، سهم استفاده و فراوانی سفر با حمل‌نقل همگانی تحلیل می‌شود. شهر اصفهان به دلیل دنبال نمودن سیاست قیمت‌گذاریِ محدوده، به عنوان محدوده‌ی مورد مطالعه در نظر گرفته شده و روش مدل‌سازی، تحلیل معادلات ساختاری با رویکرد حداقل مربعات جزئی می‌باشد. تحلیل روی 190 نمونه‌ی جمع‌آوری شده به کمک پرسشنامه صورت گرفته و  نتایج نشان دهنده‌ی آن است که پذیرش سیاست به ترتیب به صورت مثبت و منفی رفتار سفر با حمل‌ونقل همگانی و خودروی شخصی را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. نقض آزادی درک شده نیز به صورت منفی و أثرگذاری و انصاف درک شده به صورت مثبت بر مقبولیت سیاست قیمت‌گذاری أثرگذار هستند. هم‌چنین، خروجی مدل تحقیق بیان‌گر آن است که نگرش‌های مرتبط با وسیله‌ی سفر، به صورت مثبت با سفر از طریق خودروی شخصی و به صورت منفی با سفر به وسیله‌ی گونه‌ی همگانی در ارتباط است. به‌علاوه، نگرش‌های مرتبط با ویژگی‌های وسیله‌ی نقلیه، نقض آزادی درک شده را به طور مثبت متأثر می‌سازد. در پایان نیز، با استفاده از خروجی‌ها و نتایج، پیشنهاداتی جهت بهبود نگرش افراد و پذیرش سیاست‌های مدیریت تقاضا ارائه می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Modeling and Analyzing the Effect of Attitude and Policy Acceptance on Transportation Mode Usage and Trip Frequency (Case Study: Pricing Policy in Central Isfahan)

نویسندگان English

Parnian Tavakoli 1
Alireza Sahebgharani 2
1 M.Sc., Department of Transportation Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Transportation Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
چکیده English

The increasing use of private automobiles in major urban centers has led to significant traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and various social challenges. In response, urban planners have implemented policies aimed at reducing private vehicle usage, one of which is zone-based pricing. According to the theory of planned behavior, travel behavior is influenced by individual attitudes. Additionally, attitudes toward policy—such as perceived effectiveness, fairness, and perceived freedom violation—affect policy acceptance and approval among users. Since user acceptance is a critical determinant of a policy's success, this study examines the factors influencing travel behavior and policy acceptance. Travel behavior is analyzed using two models: the proportion of private cars versus public transportation usage and trip frequency. The case study focuses on the city of Isfahan, utilizing structural equation modeling with the partial least squares approach for data analysis. Data was collected from 190 respondents through a questionnaire. The findings reveal that policy acceptance positively influences public transportation usage and negatively impacts private car usage. Perceived freedom violation negatively affects policy acceptance, whereas perceived effectiveness and fairness have positive effects. Moreover, travel-related attitudes are positively correlated with private car usage and negatively correlated with public transportation usage. These attitudes also positively influence perceived freedom violation. Based on these results, recommendations are provided to improve public attitudes toward and acceptance of travel demand management policies.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Travel behavior, travel attitude, mode usage proportion, travel demand management, trip frequency
- غیاثوند، ا.(1398) تحلیل پیشرفته مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری با کاربرد Smart PLS، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی.
 
- امیری، ن (1396). بررسی تاثیر سیاست قیمت‌گذاری محدوده بر تغییر الگوی سفر شهروندان محدوده مرکزی شهر اصفهان با استفاده از مدل‌های فعالیت مبنا پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان.
-Ajzen, I. (1991). “The theory of planned behavior”, Organizational behavior and human decision processes 50(2): 179-211.
 
-Amey, U. K. (2018). Feasibility Report.
 
-Amundsen, A., and Vassiliou, M. (2009). “Public Attitudes towards Urban Road Pricing”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 43(3), 243-253.
 
-Anable, J. (2005). “Complacent Car Addicts’ or Aspiring Environmentalists’? Identifying travel behaviour segments using attitude theory”, Transport Policy 12(1): 65-78.
 
-Arroyo, R., T. Ruiz, L. Mars, S. Rasouli and H. Timmermans (2020). “Influence of values, attitudes towards transport modes and companions on travel behavior”, Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour 71: 8-22.
 
-Babbie, E. R. (2020). The practice of social research, Cengage Au.
 
-Bamberg, S. (2006). “Is a residential relocation a good opportunity to change people’s travel behavior? Results from a theory-driven intervention study”, Environment and behavior 38(6): 820-840.
 
-Bamberg, S., I. Ajzen and P. Schmidt (2003). “Choice of Travel Mode in the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Roles of Past Behavior, Habit, and Reasoned Action”, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 25: 175-187.
 
-Bamberg, S., S. Fujii, M. Friman and T. Gärling (2011). “Behaviour theory and soft transport policy measures”, Transport Policy 18(1): 228-235.
 
-Bamberg, S. and D. Rölle (2003). “Determinants of People's Acceptability of Pricing Measures Replication and Extension of a Causal Model”, Acceptability of Transport Pricing Strategies. J. Schade and B. Schlag, Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 235-248.
 
-Bamberg, S. and D. Rölle (2003). “Determinants of People's Acceptability of Pricing Measures – Replication and Extension of a Causal Model | Emerald Insight”
 
-Bamberg, S. and D. Rölle (2003). “Determinants of People's Acceptability of Pricing Measures: Replication and Extension of a Causal Model”, Acceptability of Transport Pricing Strategies: 235-248.
 
-Barclay, D., C. Higgins and R. Thompson (1995). “The partial least squares (PLS) approach to casual modeling: personal computer adoption ans use as an Illustration”
 
-Bartley, B. (1995). “MOBILITY IMPACTS, REACTIONS AND OPINIONS: TRAFFIC DEMAND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS IN EUROPE, THE MIRO PROJECT”, Traffic engineering and control. Vol. 36, no. 11.
 
-Beirão, G. and J. A. Sarsfield Cabral (2007). “Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study”, Transport Policy 14(6): 478-489.
 
-Belgiawan, P. F., A. Ilahi and K. W. Axhausen (2019). “Influence of pricing on mode choice decision in Jakarta: A random regret minimization model”, Case Studies on Transport Policy 7(1): 87-95.
 
-Belgiawan, P. F., Ilahi, A., and Axhausen, K. W (2019). “Influence of pricing on mode choice decision in Jakarta: A random regret minimization model”, Case Studies on Transport Policy 7(1): 87-95.
 
-Bonisch, L., Behren, S., Chlond, B., and Vortisch, P (2024). “Home Deliveries and Their Impacts on Travel: Capturing Shopping Behavior and Attitudes towards Shopping in a Travel Behavior Skeleton Approach”, Transportation Research Procedia 76: 409-428.
 
-Briñol, P., D. D. Rucker and R. E. Petty (2015). “Naïve theories about persuasion: implications for information processing and consumer attitude change”, International Journal of Advertising 34(1): 85-106.
 
-Chin, W. W. (1998). “The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling”, Modern methods for business research 295(2): 295-336.
 
-Cools, M., K. Brijs, H. Tormans, E. Moons, D. Janssens and G. Wets (2011). “The socio-cognitive links between road pricing acceptability and changes in travel-behavior”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 45(8): 779-788.
 
-Croci, E. (2016). “Urban Road Pricing: A Comparative Study on the Experiences of London, Stockholm and Milan”, Transportation Research Procedia 14: 253-262.
 
-Cronbach, L. J. (1951). “Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests”, Psychometrika 16(3): 297-334.
 
-De Groot, J. and L. Steg (2007). “General Beliefs and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Role of Environmental Concerns in the TPB”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37(8): 1817-1836.
 
-De Vos, J. and P. A. Singleton (2020). “Travel and cognitive dissonance”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 138: 525-536.
-Ejelöv, E. and A. Nilsson (2020). “Individual factors influencing acceptability for environmental policies: a review and research agenda”, Sustainability 12(6): 2404.
 
-Eriksson, L., J. Garvill and A. M. Nordlund (2006). “Acceptability of travel demand management measures: The importance of problem awareness, personal norm, freedom, and fairness” Journal of Environmental Psychology 26(1): 15-26.
 
-Eriksson, L., J. Garvill and A. M. Nordlund (2008). “Acceptability of single and combined transport policy measures: The importance of environmental and policy specific beliefs”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 42(8): 1117-1128.
 
-Festinger, L. (1962). “A theory of cognitive dissonance, Stanford university press”
 
-Firdausi, M., E. Ahyudanari and W. Herijanto (2023). “Study on the analysis of travel behavior: A review”, E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences.
 
-Gärling, T. (2007). “Effectiveness, Public Acceptance, and Political Feasibility of Coercive Measures for Reducing Car Traffic. Threats from Car Traffic to the Quality of Urban Life”, T. Gärling and L. Steg, Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 313-324.
 
-Gärling, T., Gillholm, R., and Gärling, A. (1998). “Reintroducing attitude theory in travel behavior research: The validity of an interactive interview procedure to predict car use”, Transportation 25: 129-146.
 
-Gibson, M. and M. Carnovale (2015). “The effects of road pricing on driver behavior and air pollution”, Journal of Urban Economics 89: 62-73.
 
-Golob, T. F. (2001). “Joint models of attitudes and behavior in evaluation of the San Diego I-15 congestion pricing project”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 35(6): 495-514.
 
-Gu, Z., Z. Liu, Q. Cheng and M. Saberi (2018). “Congestion pricing practices and public acceptance: A review of evidence”, Case Studies on Transport Policy 6(1): 94-101.
 
-Haenlein, M. and A. M. Kaplan (2004). “A Beginner's Guide to Partial Least Squares Analysis”, Understanding Statistics 3(4).
 
-Heath, Y., and Gifford, R. (2002). “Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of public transportation 1”, Journal of applied social psychology 32(10): 2154-2189.
 
-Henseler, J., C. M. Ringle and R. R. Sinkovics (2009). “The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing”, Advances in International Marketing. R. R. Sinkovics and P. N. Ghauri, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 20: 277-319.
 
-Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2017). “Partial least squares path modeling”, Advanced methods for modeling markets: 361-381.
 
-Herrenkind, B., I. Nastjuk, A. B. Brendel, S. Trang and L. M. Kolbe (2019). “Young people’s travel behavior – Using the life-oriented approach to understand the acceptance of autonomous driving”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 74: 214-233.
 
-Hiscock, R., S. Macintyre, A. Kearns and A. Ellaway (2002). “Means of transport and ontological security: Do cars provide psycho-social benefits to their users?”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 7(2): 119-135.
 
-Hoffmann, C., C. Abraham, M. P. White and S. M. Skippon (2020). “Ambivalent about travel mode choice? A qualitative investigation of car user and non-car user attitudes”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 141: 323-338.
 
-Ittner, H., R. Becker and E. Kals (2003). “Willingness to support traffic policy measures: The role of justice. Acceptability of transport pricing strategies”, Emerald Group Publishing Limited: 249-265.
 
-Jakobsson, C., S. Fujii and T. Gärling (2000). “Determinants of private car users' acceptance of road pricing”, Transport Policy 7(2): 153-158.
 
-Jia, N., Y. Zhang, Z. He and G. Li (2017). “Commuters’ acceptance of and behavior reactions to license plate restriction policy: A case study of Tianjin, China”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 52: 428-440.
 
-Jones, P. (1991). “Gaining Public Support for Road Pricing Through A Package Approach”, Traffic engineering and control 32(4).
 
-Jones, P. (2003). “Acceptability of transport pricing strategies: meeting the challenge”, Acceptability of transport pricing strategies: 27-62.
 
-Kallbekken, S., J. H. Garcia and K. Korneliussen (2013). “Determinants of public support for transport taxes”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 58: 67-78.
 
-Kim, J., J.-D. Schmöcker, S. Fujii and R. B. Noland (2013). “Attitudes towards road pricing and environmental taxation among US and UK students”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 48: 50-62.
 
-Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford Publications.
 
-Kroesen, M. and C. Chorus (2018). “The role of general and specific attitudes in predicting travel behavior – A fatal dilemma?”, Travel Behaviour and Society 10: 33-41.
 
-Kroesen, M., S. Handy and C. Chorus (2017). “Do attitudes cause behavior or vice versa? An alternative conceptualization of the attitude-behavior relationship in travel behavior modeling”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 101: 190-202.
 
-Lee, S., Ko, E., Jang, K., and Kim, S. (2023). “Understanding individual-level travel behavior changes due to COVID-19: Trip frequency, trip regularity, and trip distance”, Cities 135: 104223.
 
-Li, M., and Zhao, J. (2019). “Gaining acceptance by informing the people? Public knowledge, attitudes, and acceptance of transportation policies”, Planning Education and Research 39(2): 166-183.
 
-Li, W., S. Zhao, J. Ma and W. Qin (2021). “Investigating Regional and Generational Heterogeneity in Low-Carbon Travel Behavior Intention Based on a PLS-SEM Approach”, Sustainability 13(6): 3492.
 
-Li, W., S. Zhao, J. Ma and W. Qin (2021). “Investigating regional and generational heterogeneity in low-carbon travel behavior intention based on a PLS-SEM approach”, sustainability 13(6): 3492.
 
-Li, Y., Y. Guo, J. Lu and S. Peeta (2019). “Impacts of congestion pricing and reward strategies on automobile travelers’ morning commute mode shift decisions”, Transportation research part A: policy and practice 125: 72-88.
 
-Lin, T., D. Wang and X. Guan (2017). “The built environment, travel attitude, and travel behavior: Residential self-selection or residential determination?”, Journal of Transport Geography 65: 111-122.
 
-Loukopoulos, P., C. Jakobsson, T. Gärling, C. M. Schneider and S. Fujii (2005). “Public attitudes towards policy measures for reducing private car use: evidence from a study in Sweden”, Environmental Science and Policy 8(1): 57-66.
 
-McCarthy, L., A. Delbosc, M. Kroesen and M. de Haas (2021). “Travel attitudes or behaviours: Which one changes when they conflict?”, Transportation: 1-18.
 
-Mirtich, L., Conway, M. W., Salon, D., Kedron, P., Chauhan, R. S., Derrible, S., ... and Pendyala, R. (2021). “How Stable Are Transport-Related Attitudes over Time?”, Findings.
 
-Nasrin, S., J. Bunker and M. Miska (2012). “Travel behavior of workers in Dhaka and their attitude towards road pricing”, Australian Road Research Board (ARRB).
 
-Nikitas, A., E. Avineri and G. Parkhurst (2018). “Understanding the public acceptability of road pricing and the roles of older age, social norms, pro-social values and trust for urban policy-making: The case of Bristol”, Cities 79: 78-91.
 
-Nilsson, A., G. Schuitema, C. J. Bergstad, J. Martinsson and M. Thorson (2016). “The road to acceptance: Attitude Change before and after the implementation of a congestion tax”, Journal of environmental psychology 46: 1-9.
-Nilsson, E. a. (2020). “Individual factors influencing acceptability for environmental policies: a review and research agenda”, Sustainability 12. (6).
 
-Ouellette, J. and W. Wood (1998). “Habit and Intention in Everyday Life: The Multiple Processes by Which Past Behavior Predicts Future Behavior”, Psychological Bulletin - PSYCHOL BULL 124: 54-74.
 
-Rahman, M. and G.-C. Sciara (2022). “Travel attitudes, the built environment and travel behavior relationships: Causal insights from social psychology theories”, Transport Policy 123: 44-54.
 
-Rentziou, A., C. Milioti, K. Gkritza and M. G. Karlaftis (2011). “Urban Road Pricing: Modeling Public Acceptance”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development 137(1): 56-64.
 
-Saeidi, S., Nazari Enjedani. S., Alvandi Behineh, E., Tehranian, K and Seyedalireza Jazayerifar (2024). “Factors Affecting Public Transportation Use during Pandemic: An Integrated Approach of Technology Acceptance Model and Theory of Planned Behavior”, TEHNIČKI GLASNIK 18(3): 342-353.
 
-Schade, J. and B. Schlag (2003). “Acceptability of urban transport pricing strategies”, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 6(1): 45-61.
 
-Schlag, B., and Schade, J. (2000). “Public acceptability of traffic demand management in Europe”, Traffic Engineering+ Control 41(8): 314-318.
 
-Schlag, D. B. “PUBLIC ACCEPTABILITY OF TRANSPORT PRICING”.
 
-Schoenau, M. and M. Müller (2017). “What affects our urban travel behavior? A GPS-based evaluation of internal and external determinants of sustainable mobility in Stuttgart (Germany)”, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 48: 61-73.
 
-Schuitema, G. and L. Steg (2005). “Factors that affect the acceptability of pricing policies in transport”.
 
-Schuitema, G., L. Steg and J. A. Rothengatter (2010). “The acceptability, personal outcome expectations, and expected effects of transport pricing policies”, Journal of Environmental Psychology 30(4): 587-593.
 
-Schuitema, G., Steg, L., and Forward, S. (2011). “Explaining Differences in Acceptability before and after the Implementation of a Congestion Charge in Stockholm”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(2), 99-109.
 
-Şimşekoğlu, Ö., T. Nordfjærn and T. Rundmo (2015). “The role of attitudes, transport priorities, and car use habit for travel mode use and intentions to use public transportation in an urban Norwegian public”, Transport Policy 42: 113-120.
 
-Spears, S., D. Houston and M. G. Boarnet (2013). “Illuminating the unseen in transit use: A framework for examining the effect of attitudes and perceptions on travel behavior”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 58: 40-53.
 
-Steg, L. (2003). Factors Influencing the Acceptability and Effectiveness of Transport Pricing Acceptability of transport pricing strategies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited 187-202.
 
-Sugiarto, S., T. Miwa and T. Morikawa “The tendency of public’s attitudes to evaluate urban congestion charging policy in Asian megacity perspective: Case a study in Jakarta, Indonesia”, Case Studies on Transport Policy 8(1): 143-152.
 
-Sugiarto, M., Miwa, T., et al. (2018). “The Effects of Road Pricing Policies on Travel Demand: A Case Study of Jakarta”, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 62, 42-51
 
-Tatah, L., L. Foley, T. Oni, M. Pearce, C. Lwanga, V. Were, F. Assah, Y. Wasnyo, E. Mogo, G. Okello, S. Mogere, C. Obonyo and J. Woodcock (2023). “Comparing travel behaviour characteristics and correlates between large and small Kenyan cities (Nairobi versus Kisumu)”, Journal of Transport Geography 110: 103625.
 
-Razi-Ardakani, H., and Kermanshah, M (2023). “Comparing the Effect of Lifestyle, Travel and Residential Attitudes on Male and Female Commute Mode Choice”, Scientia Iranica In Press.
 
-Thøgersen, J. (2006). “Understanding repetitive travel mode choices in a stable context: A panel study approach”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 40(8): 621-638.
 
-van de Coevering, P., K. Maat and B. van Wee (2021). “Causes and effects between attitudes, the built environment and car kilometres: A longitudinal analysis”, Journal of Transport Geography 91: 102982.
 
-Van, H. T., K. Choocharukul and S. Fujii (2014). “The effect of attitudes toward cars and public transportation on behavioral intention in commuting mode choice—A comparison across six Asian countries”, Transportation research part A: policy and practice 69: 36-44.
 
-van Wee, B., and Cao, X. J. (2022). “Residential self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and travel behavior: A literature review and research agenda. , 9, 75-94”, Transport Policy and Planning 9: 75-94.
 
-van Wee, B. and X. J. Cao (2022). “Chapter Four - Residential self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and travel behavior: A literature review and research agenda”, Advances in Transport Policy and Planning. X. J. Cao, C. Ding and J. Yang, Academic Press. 9: 75-94.
 
-Verhoef, E., M. C. J. Bliemer, L. Steg and B. v. Wee (2008). “Pricing in Road Transport: A Multi-disciplinary Perspective”, Edward Elgar Publishing.
 
-Wachs, T. F. G. A. D. H. M. (1979). “Attitude-Behaviour Relationships in Travel-Demand Modelling”, Behavioural Travel Modelling, Routledge.
 
-Wang, X., S. Feng and T. Tang (2023) “Acceptability toward Policy Mix: Impact of Low-Carbon Travel Intention, Fairness, and Effectiveness”, Sustainability 15(20)(20): 15070.
 
-Wang, X., S. Feng and T. Tang (2023). “Acceptability toward Policy Mix: Impact of Low-Carbon Travel Intention, Fairness, and Effectiveness”, Sustainability 15(20): 15070.
 
-Wang, X., Feng, S., and Tang, T. (2023). “Acceptability toward Policy Mix: Impact of Low-Carbon Travel Intention, Fairness, and Effectiveness”, Sustainability 15(20): 15070.
 
-Zheng, Z., Z. Liu, C. Liu and N. Shiwakoti (2014). “Understanding public response to a congestion charge: A random-effects ordered logit approach”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 70: 117-134.
 
-Zhu, J. and Y. Fan (2018). “Daily travel behavior and emotional well-being: Effects of trip mode, duration, purpose, and companionship”, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 118: 360-373.

  • تاریخ دریافت 22 خرداد 1403
  • تاریخ بازنگری 17 آبان 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 27 بهمن 1403